We've all experienced it - the "get it out the door" mentality that seems to be the driving force behind many software application deliveries - a prime example of the software industry's immaturity that favors completion over quality, and an end user's preference for hot new features over stable, reliable systems. Deferring the QA process is an expensive way to operate and corporations are taking a financial hit for these software errors. According to the Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Testing (NIST), software errors cost the U.S. economy $60 billion per year. This report was issued back in 2002 and, since then, the software industry has done little to improve the situation.

Why are software bugs so pervasive? We don't accept these same poor standards in other industries, so what makes software exempt? Some say it's the inherent complexity of systems and software that are the primary causes of application failure, or that poorly defined system requirements and unrealistic schedules are at fault. Others blame it on developer apathy. Most of the time, however, software failure is the direct result of poor quality code, brought about by a lack of standards and metrics in the development phase.

A Clear Horizons market research study, commissioned by Enerjy Software, identified key code quality issues that impact software development managers. First, quality tracking begins too late, if at all, to be effective. According to the study, 40 percent of Java software development managers surveyed have allotted time for checking code quality, but only in less than half of their projects. In projects where quality is being measured, nearly 30 percent did not measure code quality until the project was more than half completed. This lack of attention early on in the development cycle has a rolling negative impact for the entire life cycle of the code.

Focusing on Code Quality
The study found that most Java software development managers view code reviews, the traditional method of improving code quality, as inefficient and a source of frustration. With all the competing demands on their limited development resources, it often falls by the wayside. As a result, the act of fixing a bug may be the only time their code is actually reviewed. By that time, it is too late.

Development managers are demanding a change from the "fire fighting" mentality prevalent in the industry. However, this change needs to come from IT executives who must take the lead in establishing best practices that focus on quality across the entire software development lifecycle - from requirements gathering to deployment and beyond. Applying best practices to help achieve software quality must become a mindset that is filtered from the top down and includes:

• Requirements definitions
• Unit testing
• Coding standards adherence
• Change and version control
• Quality assurance testing
• Software maintenance post-release

Early in the development cycle, developers need to define coding standards, adhere to them, and ensure that all code is unit tested. By applying coding standards and unit testing at the development stage, many potential bugs will never occur. During the quality assurance phase, standardized testing tools, suites, scripts, reference data, and metrics that have undergone a rigorous certification process can improve software integrity even more.

A focus on code quality enables development teams to optimize the quality of an application before it reaches production. Such a QA process will help to make testing less costly to perform, as well as provide a consistent method for determining when testing is sufficient. The focus on code quality throughout a Java application's life cycle will enable development teams to fix bugs and add new features within schedule while improving overall product quality.

Who's Responsible?
While software developers are responsible for maintaining or improving bad code, it is the development managers who are directly responsible for code quality. Their jobs are to deliver code that works and, with the same resources, ensure that critical bugs are identified and fixed in a timely manner - an almost impossible balancing act.

In fact, buggy code is the "Sword of Damocles" for all software development managers. It's what hangs over their heads and keeps them awake at night. According the aforementioned study, the number one complaint of Java software development managers is their inability to minimize software bugs in code before it is released. This study, completed in 2005, was conducted on a sampling of 216 Java software development managers who manage five or more Java developers.

Tasked with delivering quality code, how can Java development managers best facilitate quality processes? What are their primary challenges? What tools do they need to accomplish their objectives? It makes sense that a focus on quality is essential for the success of any software application.

Stressing the Importance of Code Quality in the Development Environment
Though development managers take the heat for missed deadlines, wasted development resources, and poor application quality, software development organizations have primarily focused on providing developers with the tools, infrastructure, and training for developing software applications.

While it is easy to blame software errors on developers - sloppy coding techniques, arrogance, and an insistence upon the freedom to create - it may be the development environment itself that is the problem. Typically, development managers have been promoted from within the development ranks due to their outstanding technical abilities and may not have had previous management training or experience. Often, they receive generic management training and technical training on par with their subordinates; however, this is not enough. Today's management and lead developers are stuck in a cycle of poor code and bug fixing, without the corporate backing required to identify issues and initiate software development best practices.

Another issue presented in the report is the lack of quality metrics available to Java development managers. A majority of the Java development managers in the Clear Horizons study reported frustration with developers not following Java best practices or coding standards, or producing "off-spec" code - yet they had no way to track this information via quality metrics. Without these quality metrics, development managers have no idea who is creating the bad code, or what percentage of that code adheres to standards or is being unit tested. As development managers, their primary objective is to prevent or minimize bugs. Without an in-depth understanding of the importance of code quality relative to individual developer performance, they are flying blind.

Most developers prefer to work in a structured development environment that supports best practices, because it offers relief from "fire fighting" and damage control. By introducing best practices into an organization's development environment, developers will find errors early, streamline the build processes, reduce overtime, and become clear on their roles within the organization.

Improving Tomorrow's Software Quality
With maintenance costs exceeding 90 percent of organizations' IT budgets, it is imperative that development managers work to transform their team's behaviors from reactive to proactive: instilling best practice tactics that focus on superior code quality and increased application development excellence. To do this, there must be greater emphasis placed on the quality of a team's deliverables at all points within the development cycle.

Java software development teams want to create quality code. Their apathy and resistance to change is often due to a stagnant development environment, over which they have little control. Teaching them about the benefits of best practices, such as the adherence to coding standards and thorough unit testing, is not enough. Most developers have already been exposed to these methodologies. Development managers, who are ultimately responsible for code quality, often feel they have their hands tied. Compressed schedules, unknown developer performance - especially with new hires and novice developers, the absence of best practices and controls, and a bug count that sidetracks resources from competitive enhancements, all conspire to keep them from sleeping at night.

In order for best practices to take hold, IT management must implement these best practices across the development team and promote code quality as a mindset from the top down. Development managers have to promote coding standards initiatives that are easily embraced by all developers and enact processes and procedures, such as source code control systems, that streamline processes, and unit testing, to eliminate many potential bugs before the software is released to Quality Assurance.

What Java development managers need most of all is a quality measurement system that institutes code quality metrics and helps them track and train developers, so that they can meet deadlines with high quality software that conforms to internal standards and exceeds customer requirements. Such a system would give Java development managers a greater sense of control over their development team and the quality of code that they produce.